Testing the Addition of a New Anti-cancer Drug, M3814 (Peposertib), to the Usual Radiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients must have pathologically confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Patients with alternative or mixed histologies (i.e., squamous, neuroendocrine, acinar, colloid) are not eligible * Received 4-6 months of induction chemotherapy with fluorouracil, irinotecan, leucovorin and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX), fluorouracil, liposomal irinotecan, leucovorin, oxaliplatin (NALIRIFOX), or gemcitabine/Abraxane, as per standard of care * Patients must have locally advanced pancreatic cancer according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines (version 1.2020) on pancreas protocol CT scan performed within 21 days of registration. Locally advanced disease is defined as any of the following: * For head or uncinate process tumors: * Solid tumor contact with superior mesenteric artery \> 180 degrees * Solid tumor contact with the celiac axis \> 180 degrees * Solid tumor contact with the common or proper hepatic arteries \> 180 degrees or * For pancreatic body or tail tumors: * Solid tumor contact of \> 180 degrees with the superior mesenteric artery or celiac axis * Solid tumor contact with the celiac axis and aortic involvement or * Unreconstructible superior mesenteric vein or portal vein due to tumor involvement or occlusion (can be due to tumor or bland thrombus) * The determination of locally advanced pancreatic cancer and plan for non-operative treatment on this clinical trial must be confirmed through local multi-disciplinary review * Measurable disease per response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) version (v)1.1 * Age \>= 18 years. Because no dosing or adverse event data are currently available on the use of M3814 (peposertib) in combination with hypofractionated radiation in patients \< 18 years of age, children are excluded from this study, but will be eligible for future pediatric trials * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =\< 2 (Karnofsky \>= 60%) * Leukocytes \>= 4,000/mcL * Absolute neutrophil count \>= 1.5 x 10\^9/L. * Hemoglobin \>= 9 g/dL * Platelets \>= 100 x 10\^9/L * Total bilirubin =\< 2.0 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase \[SGOT\])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase \[SGPT\]) =\< 3 x institutional ULN * Creatinine =\< 1.5 x institutional ULN * Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) \>= 51 mL/min/1.73 m\^2 * Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on effective anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable viral load within 6 months are eligible for this trial * For patients with evidence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the HBV viral load must be undetectable on suppressive therapy, if indicated * Patients with a history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection must have been treated and cured. For patients with HCV infection who are currently on treatment, they are eligible if they have an undetectable HCV viral load * Female patients of childbearing potential must have a negative urine or serum pregnancy test within 72 hours prior to receiving the first dose of study medication. If the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required. Female patients of childbearing potential and male patients must be willing to use an adequate method of contraception for the course of the study through 12 weeks after the last dose of study medication. * Note: Abstinence is acceptable if this is the usual lifestyle and preferred contraception for the patient. * Patients with known history or current symptoms of cardiac disease, or history of treatment with cardiotoxic agents, should have a clinical risk assessment of cardiac function. To be eligible for this trial, patients should be American Heart Association Stage B (people without current or previous symptoms of heart failure but with either structural heart disease, increased filling pressures in the heart or other risk factors) or better and New York Heart Association Functional Classification II (slight limitation of physical activity, comfortable at rest, ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, shortness of breath or chest pain), or better * Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document. Participants with impaired decision-making capacity (IDMC) who have a legally authorized representative (LAR) and/or family member available will also be eligible Exclusion Criteria: * Patients who have completed induction chemotherapy less than 2 weeks or more than 8 weeks prior to study enrollment * Patients who have not recovered from adverse events due to prior anti-cancer therapy (i.e., have residual toxicities \> grade 1) with the exception of alopecia and neuropathy grade =\< 2 * Patients who are receiving any other investigational agents * History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to M3814 (peposertib) * Evidence of distant metastatic disease * More than 1 line of chemotherapy for the treatment of localized pancreatic cancer, unless the change in treatment was made only for toxicity * Prior abdominal radiation * Active inflammatory bowel disease or connective tissue disease * Inability to swallow oral medications or gastrointestinal disease limiting absorption of oral agents * History of anaphylactic reaction to iodinated intravenous (IV) contrast required for radiation simulation. Patients with mild reactions may be enrolled, but must receive premedications for contrast allergy prior to imaging * Patients who cannot discontinue concomitant medications or herbal supplements that are strong inhibitors or strong inducers of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes CYP3A4/5, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19. Concomitant use of substrates with a narrow therapeutic index that are metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4/5 are also excluded. * Use caution with other substrates of CYP3A4/5, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8 and substrates of P-gp, BCRP, OCT1, OAT3, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, MATE1, and MATE-2K with a narrow therapeutic index. Close monitoring is advised. Because the lists of these agents are constantly changing, it is important to regularly consult a frequently-updated medical reference. As part of the enrollment/informed consent procedures, the patient will be counseled on the risk of interactions with other agents, and what to do if new medications need to be prescribed or if the patient is considering a new over-the-counter medicine or herbal product. (Patient Drug Interactions Handout and Wallet Card) should be provided to patients * Patients who cannot discontinue concomitant proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). Patients may confer with the study doctor to determine if such medications can be discontinued. These must be discontinued \>= 5 days prior to study treatment. Patients do not need to discontinue calcium carbonate. H2 blockers and antacids are allowed. * Patients who have received a live attenuated vaccine within 30 days of dosing with M3814 (peposertib) * Patients with uncontrolled intercurrent illness * Patients with psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements * Pregnant women are excluded from this study because M3814 (peposertib) is a DNA-protein kinase (PK) inhibitor with the potential for teratogenic or abortifacient effects. Because there is an unknown but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with M3814 (peposertib), breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is treated with M3814 (peposertib) * Patients with a prior or concurrent malignancy whose natural history or treatment has the potential to interfere with the safety or efficacy assessment of this investigational regimen