The Computational and Neural Mechanisms Linking Decision-making and Memory in Humans

Inclusion Criteria: * Has seizure activity which is deemed non-responsive to standard pharmacological intervention(s), as determined by treating Neurologist and established clinical practices * Has elected to receive clinically indicated intracranial EEG (electrocorticography (ECoG), stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG)) and/or temporal responsive neurostimulation (RNS) for medication-refractory epilepsy outside of this research study, as determined by treating clinician(s) and per current clinical practice * Capacity to provide written informed consent * Language proficiency in English or Spanish * Willing and able to comply with all study-related procedures Exclusion Criteria: * History of psychosis, such as in the context of depressive or manic episode. * Active suicidal ideation with intent, suicide attempt within the last six months, or other serious suicide risk * Inability to provide informed consent or reliably participate in study assessments, as per the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA; score \< 26) or in the opinion of the evaluating neuropsychologist. * Individuals unwilling or unable to undergo electrode implantation procedures * Medical contraindications to neurosurgery or for general anesthesia, neurosurgery, or an MRI scan (required for electrode implantation) * Neurological disorder other than epilepsy or other significant brain pathology, if contraindicated in the opinion of implanting neurosurgeon. * Women who are pregnant