Effects of a Non-nutritive Sweetener Reduction Intervention in Pregnancy and Lactation on Maternal and Infant Outcomes

Inclusion Criteria: * Pregnant * ≤ 16 weeks gestation * Singleton pregnancy * Report frequent NNS beverage consumption (≥ 7 servings/week) * 18-45 years of age * Able to read English at a 5th grade level; and * Intend to breastfeed for at least the first 6 months of life. * For infants: The mother must be enrolled and provide assent for the infant to participate. Exclusion Criteria: * Physical or mental concerns preventing study participation; * Medication (e.g., metformin; GLP-1 agonists) use that may affect body weight, body composition, insulin resistance, or lipid profiles; * Tobacco or drug use during pregnancy; * Alcohol consumption (\>1 drink per week) during pregnancy; * Pre-existing gastrointestinal, inflammatory, or malabsorptive disorders (e.g., - Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease) that may impact NNS absorption or gut microbiota; * Known suspected/confirmed genetic fetal abnormalities or suspected or known congenital birth defects. * History of prior gastric bypass surgery.