fMRI and Opioid Abstinence

Inclusion Criteria: * recent initiation of methadone or buprenorphine at a clinic or program within the past year (i.e., period of time during which treatment drop-out and risk for relapse is highest); * eligibility for MRI scanning; * ability to commit to study visits. Exclusion Criteria: * current acute psychosis, mania, or suicidal ideation with intent, as assessed during screening with the SCID-5; * current intoxication or acute withdrawal at time of study visit sufficient to prevent participation based on: behavioral observation, breathalyzer, and SOWS assessment; * severe cognitive impairment as determined via trained clinical research staff through consent process and during consent quiz or as indicated by a PROMIS Cognitive Function tscore \<30 (i.e., severe impairment) * past or present history of intellectual disability, developmental disorder, or neurological disease; * head trauma with loss of consciousness \>30 min; * organ dysfunction or any unstable or untreated medical conditions that may interfere with study participation.