REstoring CONsciousness With NEurostimulation of the Central Thalamus: The RECONNECT Study

Inclusion Criteria: * Central nervous system injury of any etiology (e.g., cardiac arrest, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, encephalitis) that occurred at least 3 months prior to the eligibility phone call * The participant does not exhibit either of the following behaviors every day: meaningful interaction (defined as intelligible speech and ability to follow verbal commands) or functional object use * A CRS-R based diagnosis of DoC; either Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome (UWS) or Minimally Conscious State (MCS- or +). * The participant must have a documented health care proxy or court-appointed guardian * Neurologist and neurosurgeon consensus review of most recent clinical MRI (if no MRI, then most recent CT) determines there is no bilateral subcortical injury preventing precise placement of electrodes (e.g., major injuries to the bilateral thalami or severe and bilateral subcortical anatomical distortions). Exclusion Criteria: * \- Pregnant * Contraindication to brain MRI * Due to transportation requirements, participants whose primary residence (Skilled Nursing Facility, Long Term Acute Care, or home) is outside the Greater Boston metropolitan area * Pre-existing psychiatric, neurological or medical condition that makes the patient, in the opinion of the study team, a poor surgical candidate (e.g., neurodegenerative disorder, significant cardiopulmonary disorder, need for chronic anticoagulation) * Structural abnormality of the chest wall, neck, brain, or skull that makes safe placement of the electrodes, in the opinion of the study team, infeasible or prone to complication * Neurologist and neurosurgeon consensus review of most recent clinical MRI (if no MRI, then most recent CT) determines there is no bilateral diffuse injury to the basal ganglia * Medical contraindications to surgery including: * Chronic infection * Coagulopathy (INR \> 1.5, aPTT 45 sec, platelet count \< 100 x 103 / uL) * Poorly controlled blood pressure (\> 2 episodes during screening phase of blood pressure \> 180/110 sustained on repeated measurements) and evidence of cardiovascular disease * Participation in another drug, device or biological trial within 90 days * Current implanted stimulation device (e.g., pacemaker, defibrillator, spinal cord stimulator, deep brain stimulator) * Anticoagulant or anti-platelet medication that cannot be safely stopped for \> 2.5 weeks in the peri-operative period